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The American Petroleum Institute gravity, or API gravity, is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water. If its API gravity is greater than 10, it is lighter and floats on water; if less than 10, it is heavier and sinks. API gravity is thus a measure of the relative density of a petroleum liquid and the density of water, but it is used to compare the relative densities of petroleum liquids. For example, if one petroleum liquid floats on another and is therefore less dense, it has a greater API gravity. Although mathematically API gravity has no units (see the formula below), it is nevertheless referred to as being in ?degrees?. API gravity is graduated in degrees on a hydrometer instrument and was designed so that most values would fall between 10 and 70 API gravity degrees.
Well drilled after the discovery of oil or gas to establish the limits of the reservoir, the productivity of wells in it and the properties of the oil or gas.
Natural gas found in association with oil, either dissolved in the oil or found as a cap of free gas above the oil in the reservoir.
Sustainable, non-petroleum fuel with energy, security, and environmental benefits. Examples include methanol, denatured ethanol, natural gas, hydrogen, electricity from solar, hydro, or wind energy.
An offshore platform, or semi-submersible rig, built or adapted to provide living quarters for drilling and production personnel.
Land leased for oil and gas exploration and development; usually descriptive of more than one lease.
A rotary drilling technique in which compressed air is used instead of fluids to circulate, or bring to the surface, bits of rock and other cuttings from the drill bit.
An enhanced recovery technique in which air is injected into the petroleum formation to increase reservoir pressure.
A production technique in which an air balance beam pumping unit is used to lift oil to the surface.
A refining process for converting light, gaseous olefins into high-octane gasoline components (the reverse of cracking).
The attraction exhibited by the surface of a solid for a liquid or a gas when they are in contact.
A water-bearing rock strata. In a water-drive field the aquifer is the water zone of the reservoir underlying the oil zone.
The space around a pipe (casing or tubing) suspended in a wellbore is often termed the ANNULUS, and its outer wall may be either the wall of the borehole or the casing.
The automatic, self regulating control of equipment, systems, or processes.
The space between the drill string and the earthen wall of the well bore, or between the production tubing and the casing.
Drilling carried out following the discovery of a new field to determine the physical extent, amount of reserves and likely production rate of the field.
The refiner's shorthand for "atmospheric residual desulfurization," a refining process that removes sulfur from oils.
Liquid hydrocarbons found in association with natural gas.
To temporarily or permanently cease production from a well or to cease further drilling operations.
A trade association and standards organization that represents the interests of the oil and gas industry. It offers publications regarding standards, recommended practices, and other industry related information. Address: 1220 L Street NW; Washington, DC 20005; (202) 682-8000
The logo of the American Petroleum Institute (API) that is placed on certain pieces of oilfield equipment by the equipment manufacturer. API licenses the use of the monogram on equipment that meets the API's minimum standards. It offers publications regarding standards, recommended practices, and other industry related information. Address: 1220 L Street NW; Washington, DC 20005; (202) 682-8000
Any method used to raise oil to the surface after a well ceases to flow.
A tanker of approximately 80,000 to 120,000 dwt.
Association of Energy Service Companies : a trade association that represents the interests of members of the energy service segment of the oil and gas industry. It offers publications regarding recommended industry practices and training materials. Address: 10200 Richmond Ave., #253; Houston, TX 77042; (713) 781-0758.
American National Standards Institute : a non-profit organization (501(c)3) that administers and coordinates voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system. General Inquiries: Telephone: (212) 642-4900; Headquarters: 1819 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036, Telephone: (202) 293-8020; Fax: (202) 293-9287; New York Office: 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036 Telephone: (212) 642-4900; Fax: (212) 398-0023.
A large valve, usually installed above the ram preventers, that forms a seal in the annular space between the pipe and well bore. If no pipe is present, it forms a seal on the well bore itself.
Pressure in an annular space.
Natural gas deliveries for the account of others are deliveries to customers by transporters that do not own the natural gas but deliver it for others for a fee. Included are quantities covered by long-term contracts and quantities involved in short-term or spot market sales.
All transfers of ownership of foreign crude oil to a firm, irrespective of the terms of that transfer. Acquisitions thus include all purchases and exchange receipts as well as any and all foreign crude acquired under reciprocal buy-sell agreements or acquired as a result of a buy-back or other preferential agreement with a host government.
that includes internal consumption, refinery fuel and loss, and bunkering. For countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), apparent consumption is derived from refined product output plus refined product imports minus refined product exports plus refined product stock changes plus other oil consumption (such as direct use of crude oil). For countries outside the OECD, apparent consumption is either a reported figure or is derived from refined product output plus refined product imports minus refined product exports, with stock levels assumed to remain the same. Apparent consumption also includes, where available, liquefied petroleum gases sold directly from natural gas processing plants for fuel or chemical uses.
The total of an individual nation's dry natural gas production plus imports less exports.
Consumption that includes internal consumption, refinery fuel and loss, and bunkering. For countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), apparent consumption is derived from refined product output plus refined product imports minus refined product exports plus refined product stock changes plus other oil consumption (such as direct use of crude oil). For countries outside the OECD, apparent consumption is either a reported figure or is derived from refined product output plus refined product imports minus refined product exports, with stock levels assumed to remain the same. Apparent consumption also includes, where available, liquefied petroleum gases sold directly from natural gas processing plants for fuel or chemical uses.
A dark brown-to-black cement-like material obtained by petroleum processing and containing bitumens as the predominant component; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton.
The refining process of separating crude oil components at atmospheric pressure by heating to temperatures of about 600 degrees to 750 degrees Fahrenheit (depending on the nature of the crude oil and desired products) and subsequent condensing of the fractions by cooling.
1 barrel = 0.117347766 cubic metres.
Subdivision of sea area for the purpose of licensing to a company or companies for exploration/production rights. A UK block is 130 of a quadrant and is approximately 200-250 squ. km (a quadrant is one degree by one degree.)
Accidental escape of oil or gas from a well during the drilling stage.
High pressure valve fitted to the top of the casing to prevent blow-outs.
A Btu is the amount of heat required to change the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.
The process of converting biomass to liquid fuels. Hmm, that seems painfully obvious when you write it out.
Though generally produced from fossil fuels, this four-carbon alcohol can also be produced through bacterial fermentation of alcohol.
Biodiesel is composed of monoalkyl esters (methyl/ethyl esters), a long chain of fatty acids derived from renewable lipid sources. It is an ester based, renewable fuel made from vegetable oils, recycled fryer oils, tallow and other biological products which have had their viscosity reduced using a process called tranestrification, by which glycerin (thick component of vegetable oil) is removed. Biodiesel is biodegradable, non-toxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. Originally biodiesel was considered a by-product of glycerin soap production.
Blend of biodiesel and diesel fuels. The blend can be with Diesel #1, Diesel #2, or JP8. One standard blend that meets the minimum requirements of the federal EPAct clean air criteria is B20. The number after "B" indicates the percentage of biodiesel included in the blend. In B20, there would be 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel in the fuel blend. A biodiesel blend can come in any mixture percentage, i.e., B2, B5, B50, B85 and so on.
Alcohols, esters, ethers, and other chemicals (biodiesel, ethanol, and methane) made from cellulosic biomass sources or organic matter (herbaceous and woody plants, animal fats, agricultural and forest waste, or municipal solid and industrial waste) within an active carbon cycle. Production and combustion of biofuels take and replenish the CO? in a circular, sustainable fashion. These fuels are used for stationary and mobile applications, i.e., electricity and transportation. Two commonly used biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel.
Plant material, vegetation, tallow and other animal fats, or other agricultural and forest wastes used as fuel or energy sources. Biomass also includes municipal solid and industrial wastes and crops grown solely for energy purposes.
B100 indicates that the biodiesel is pure biodiesel since it is 100% biodiesel.
A factory that would use biomass as the raw material instead of petroleum. An oil refinery manipulates hydrocarbon molecules in petroleum to produce gasoline, diesel fuel and petrochemicals that are used to make everything from nylon to paint to pesticides. A biorefinery could use biomass to produce fuel as well as plastics, solvents, adhesives and drugs.
To unscrew one threaded piece (such as a section of pipe) from another.
The pressure resulting from restriction of full natural flow of oil or gas.
To hold one section of an object, such as a pipe or a nut, while another is being screwed into or out of it. A BACK UP WRENCH refers to any wrench being used to hold the pipe or bolt.
Oil not acceptable for delivery to the pipeline purchaser because of too high BS&W; oil requiring additional treating.
Plates or obstructions built into a tank or other vessel to change the direction of fluid flow.
Parts of the valves in a plunger type oil well pump.
The water and other extraneous material present in crude oil.
A definite amount of oil, mud, chemicals, cement, or other material in a treatment or operation.
The production handling equipment on the lease.
The walking beam of a pumping unit.
A well whose fluid is being lifted by rods and pump actuated by a beam pump rig unit.
A type of choke used to regulate the flow of fluid from a well. Different sizes of beans are used for different producing rates.
A bell-shaped hole dug beneath a pipeline to provide room for use of tools by workers.
A liner without perforations or slots.
To close off by sealing or plugging.
To drain off liquid or gas, generally slowly, through a valve called a bleeder. To BLEED DOWN, or BLEED OFF, means to slowly release the pressure of a well or of pressurized equipment.
A small valve on a pipeline, pump, or tank from which samples are drawn or to vent air or oil; sample valve.
To close a line to prevent flow.
A solid disc used to dead end a companion flange.
An uncontrolled flow of gas, oil or other fluids from a well.
The equipment installed at the wellhead for the purpose of controlling rig pressures in the annular space between the casing and drill pipe (or tubing) during drilling, completion and certain workover operations.
To make up or fake a report without actually doing the work.
The part of a valve that packs off and encloses the valve stem.
A tall section of large-size pipe used as a surge column on a vessel.
The lowest or deepest part of a well.
Water occurring below the oil and gas in a production formation.
A device that fits in the rotary table or wellhead to hold the wedges or slips that support a string of drill pipe casing or tubing while tripping in or out of the hole.
To unscrew one section of pipe from another section.
To lower a sucker-rod string on a pumping unit so that the pump hits bottom on the downstroke.
Non-self-propelled marine vessel used as cargo tankers, equipment and supply carriers, crane platforms and support and accommodation bases in offshore drilling, and as submarine pipe-laying vessels.
BOE = gas volumes divided by six and added to crude and natural gas volumes.
The ancient rock that lies below sedimentary strata; it does not contain oil or gas.
The firm base rock to which is anchored the geological structure of interest to petroleum geologists.
An aromatic hydrocarbon present to a minor degree in most crude oils. Some important products manufactured from benzene are styrene, phenol, nylon and synthetic detergents.
The technique of combining two or more petroleum liquids to produce a product with specific characteristics.
A contract with diverse owners of separately leased oil and gas tracts that enables an oil company to drill one or two test wells instead of one well per tract.
A pump system installed to maintain or increase pressure in pipelines so that liquids and gases keep flowing.
Barrels of oil per day; barrels per day.
To reach the objective depth in drilling a well.
The components, together as a group, that make up the lower end of the drill string ? comprising the drill bit, drill collars, drill pipe and ancillary equipment.
The heavy portions, or fractions, of a crude oil that do not vaporize during distillation; the accumulation of sediments, mud and water in the bottoms of lease tanks.
Refers usually to a mixture of isobutane and normal butane. A flammable, gaseous hydrocarbon. Used as fuel.
A pipe connected around a valve or other control mechanism in a flow line for the purpose of maintaining flow during adjustments or repair work.
Seawater taken into a vessel's tanks in order to submerge the vessel to proper trim. Ballast can be taken into cargo tanks, double bottoms, fore and aft peak tanks and/or segregated ballast tanks, (SBT).
Represents differences between the sum of the components of natural gas supply and the sum of the components of natural gas disposition. These differences may be due to quantities lost or to the effects of data reporting problems. Reporting problems include differences due to the net result of conversions of flow data metered at varying temperature and pressure bases and converted to a standard temperature and pressure base; the effect of variations in company accounting and billing practices; differences between billing cycle and calendar period time frames; and imbalances resulting from the merger of data reporting systems that vary in scope, format, definitions, and type of respondents.
The amount of input that a distillation facility can process under usual operating conditions. The amount is expressed in terms of capacity during a 24-hour period and reduces the maximum processing capability of all units at the facility under continuous operation (see Barrels per Stream Day below) to account for the following limitations that may delay, interrupt, or slow down production. the capability of downstream processing units to absorb the output of crude oil processing facilities of a given refinery. No reduction is necessary for intermediate streams that are distributed to other than downstream facilities as part of a refinery's normal operation; the types and grades of inputs to be processed; the types and grades of products expected to be manufactured; the environmental constraints associated with refinery operations; the reduction of capacity for scheduled downtime due to such conditions as routine inspection, maintenance, repairs, and turnaround; and the reduction of capacity for unscheduled downtime due to such conditions as mechanical problems, repairs, and slowdowns.
The maximum number of barrels of input that a distillation facility can process within a 24-hour period when running at full capacity under optimal crude and product slate conditions with no allowance for downtime.
The volume of gas needed as a permanent inventory to maintain adequate reservoir pressures and deliverability rates throughout the withdrawal season. All native gas is included in the base gas volume.
The abbreviation for barrel(s).
The abbreviation for barrel(s) per day.
The abbreviation for barrel(s) per stream day.
The abbreviation for billion cubic feet.
A medium Btu gas containing methane and carbon dioxide, resulting from the action of microorganisms on organic materials such as a landfill.
A group of hydrocarbon-based gases derived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. They include ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, isobutane, and isobutylene. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization.
A refined petroleum product sold by a refiner with the understanding that the purchaser has the right to resell the product under a trademark, trade name, service mark, or other identifying symbol or names owned by such refiner.
Natural Gas ..... 1,031 Btu/cubic foot, Fuel Oil No.1 ..... 135,000 Btu/gallon, Kerosene ..... 135,000 Btu/gallon, Fuel Oil No.2 ..... 138,690 Btu/gallon
The total heating value, expressed in Btu, produced by the combustion, at constant pressure, of the amount of the gas that would occupy a volume of 1 cubic foot at a temperature of 60 degrees F if saturated with water vapor and under a pressure equivalent to that of 30 inches of mercury at 32 degrees F and under standard gravitational force (980.665 cm. per sec. squared) with air of the same temperature and pressure as the gas, when the products of combustion are cooled to the initial temperature of gas and air when the water formed by combustion is condensed to the liquid state.
Wholesale sales of gasoline in individual transactions which exceed the size of a truckload.
A facility used primarily for the storage and/or marketing of petroleum products, which has a total bulk storage capacity of 50,000 barrels or more and/or receives petroleum products by tanker, barge, or pipeline.
Fuel supplied to ships and aircraft, both domestic and foreign, consisting primarily of residual and distillate fuel oil for ships and kerosene-based jet fuel for aircraft. The term "international bunker fuels" is used to denote the consumption of fuel for international transport activities. Note: For the purposes of greenhouse gas emissions inventories, data on emissions from combustion of international bunker fuels are subtracted from national emissions totals. Historically, bunker fuels have meant only ship fuel.
A normally gaseous straight-chain or branch-chain hydrocarbon extracted from hydrocarbon extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. It includes isobutane and normal butane and is designated in ASTM Specification D1835 and Gas Processors Association Specifications for commercial butane.
An olefinic hydrocarbon recovered from refinery processes.
Crude oil acquired from a host government whereby a portion of the government's ownership interest in the crude oil produced in that country may or should be purchased by the producing firm.
Term used for crude oil from the North Sea. Brent oil is traded at the International Petroleum Exchange in London, and the price of Brent is used as a benchmark for several other types of European oil.
Steel lining used to prevent caving of the sides of a well, to exclude unwanted fluids and to provide means of control of well pressures and oil and gas production.
Used to keep the casing stationary in the well and to prevent leakage between strata that have been drilled through.
Assembly of valves and fittings located at the head of a well to control flow of oil and gas.
The right to drill for oil or gas on a block obtained under licence from the state.
Liquid hydrocarbons recovered from a condensate gas reservoir.
A unit in an oil refinery in which heavy fractions from crude oil are broken down (cracked) using a catalyst, into lighter distillates such as motor spirit.
Cost Reduction Initiative for the New Era. An oil company initiative dating from the early 1990s.
Certification Scheme for Welding Inspection Personnel.
A system that recovers waste heat and reuses it for air conditioning and other purposes, unlike its predecessor, the mono-generation system.
Refers to low temperature and low temperature technology. There is no precise temperature for an upper boundary but -100oF is often used.
A lethal gas produced by incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels in internal combustion engines. It is colorless, odorless, and tasteless.
A geographical area whose vegetation and/or soil soaks up significant carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Such areas, typically in tropical regions, are increasingly being sacrificed for energy crop production.
A measure of ignition quality of diesel fuel. The higher the cetane number, the easier the fuel ignites when it is injected into the engine.
Chemical compounds that facilitate or promote a reaction by their presence or action.
The most abundant organic material on Earth. It is the fibrous material in the stalk, leaves and other parts of plants.
A new way to make ethanol that promises to be more efficient and better for the environment. Ethanol is now typically made from starch in the corn's grain, which is converted to sugar to make into alcohol. Cellulose also is made up of a strain of glucose molecules, but their bonds are more difficult to break down. Special enzymes are used to eat away the cellulose and turn it into sugar that can be fermented and distilled into alcohol.
Term applied to the seawater used for ballast when it is not contaminated by any oil and is carried in clean tanks.
MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether) production facilities primarily located within refineries. These integrated refinery units produce MTBE from Fluid Cat Cracker isobutylene with production dedicated to internal gasoline blending requirements.
Natural gas produced along with crude oil from oil wells. It contains either dissolved or associated gas or both.
The refining process of breaking down the larger, heavier, and more complex hydrocarbon molecules into simpler and lighter molecules. Catalytic cracking is accomplished by the use of a catalytic agent and is an effective process for increasing the yield of gasoline from crude oil. Catalytic cracking processes fresh feeds and recycled feeds.
A refining process for treating petroleum fractions from atmospheric or vacuum distillation units (e.g., naphthas, middle distillates, reformer feeds, residual fuel oil, and heavy gas oil) and other petroleum (e.g., cat cracked naphtha, coker naphtha, gas oil, etc.) in the presence of catalysts and substantial quantities of hydrogen. Hydrotreating includes desulfurization, removal of substances (e.g., nitrogen compounds) that deactivate catalysts, conversion of olefins to paraffins to reduce gum formation in gasoline, and other processes to upgrade the quality of the fractions.
A type of space heating equipment where a central combustor or resistance unit generally using gas, fuel oil, or electricity provides warm air through ducts leading to the various rooms. Heat pumps are not included in this category. A forced air furnace is one in which a fan is used to force the air through the ducts. In a gravity furnace, air is circulated by gravity, relying on the natural flow of warm air up and cold air down; the warm air rises through ducts and the cold air falls through ducts that return it to the furnace to be reheated and this completes the circulation cycle.
The process of burning natural gas in conjunction with another fuel to reduce air pollutants
Natural gas which is comprised primarily of methane, compressed to a pressure at or above 2,400 pounds per square inch and stored in special high-pressure containers. It is used as a fuel for natural gas powered vehicles.
Any gas for which Interstate Pipeline has a contract to purchase from any domestic or foreign source that cannot be identified to a specific field or group. This includes tailgate plant purchases, single meter point purchases, pipeline purchases, natural gas imports, SNG purchases, and LNG purchases.
Crude oil and natural gas that is produced by a well drilled into a geologic formation in which the reservoir and fluid characteristics permit the oil and natural gas to readily flow to the wellbore.
A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in liquid phase in natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities. Depending upon the characteristics of the crude stream, it may also include: Small amounts of hydrocarbons that exist in gaseous phase in natural underground reservoirs but are liquid at atmospheric pressure after being recovered from oil well (casinghead) gas in lease separators and are subsequently commingled with the crude stream without being separately measured. Lease condensate recovered as a liquid from natural gas wells in lease or field separation facilities and later mixed into the crude stream is also included; Small amounts of nonhydrocarbons produced with the oil, such as sulfur and various metals; Drip gases, and liquid hydrocarbons produced from tar sands, oil sands, gilsonite, and oil shale. Liquids produced at natural gas processing plants are excluded. Crude oil is refined to produce a wide array of petroleum products, including heating oils; gasoline, diesel and jet fuels; lubricants; asphalt; ethane, propane, and butane; and many other products used for their energy or chemical content.
(unfinished oil acquisitions): The volume of crude oil either : acquired by the respondent for processing for his own account in accordance with accounting procedures generally accepted and consistently and historically applied by the refiner concerned, or in the case of a processing agreement, delivered to another refinery for processing for the respondent's own account. Crude oil that has not been added by a refiner to inventory and that is thereafter sold or otherwise disposed of without processing for the account of that refiner shall be deducted from its crude oil purchases at the time when the related cost is deducted from refinery inventory in accordance with accounting procedures generally applied by the refiner concerned. Crude oil processed by the respondent for the account of another is not a crude oil acquisition.
Removal of production equipment from depleted oil fields.
Diesel Engined Road Vehicles. As Derv Fuel usually referred to as Diesel.
Well drilled in order to produce oil and gas after an appraisal well has proved the reserves sufficiently large for exploitation.
A deliberate or accidental sharp bend in a well.
Usually refining and the marketing and distribution operations that occur after refining as opposed to Upstream.
The time during which offshore operations cannot be continued owing to adverse weather conditions or other factors.
The cutting head attached to the drill-pipe.
Fluid, containing barytes, which is pumped through the drill-string to the bottom of the well, whence it rises to the surface through the space between drill-string and bore-hole wall. It acts as a lubricant and is used to control flow.
Free-floating, offshore drilling unit shaped like a ship, positioned by anchors of dynamic positioning.
Named for the German engineer Rudolph Diesel, this internal-combustion, compression-ignition engine works by heating fuels and causing them to ignite. It can use either petroleum or bio-derived fuel.
A distillate of fuel oil that has been historically derived from petroleum for use in internal combustion engines. Can also be derived from plant and animal sources.
Diesel #1 is also called kerosene and is not generally used as a fuel oil in diesel vehicles. Diesel #1 has a lower viscosity (it is thinner) than Diesel #2. Diesel #2 is the typical diesel vehicle fuel. Biodiesel replaces Diesel #2 or a percentage.
German inventor famed for fashioning the diesel engine, which made its debut at the 1900 World's Fair. He initially intended for his machine to run on vegetable-derived fuels, with the hope that farmers would be able to grow their own fuel sources.
A diesel engine in which fuel is injected directly into the cylinder.
Term applied to the sea water used for ballast when it is contaminated with the remnants or residue left in cargo tanks that previously carried crude oil or heavy persistent refined oils.
Also known as deviated drilling; technique used in production drilling whereby wells are drilled at an angle from a central point so that a number of development wells can be drilled from a single drilling facility.
Any exploratory or development well that does not find commercial quantities of hydrocarbons.
Wholesale sales of gasoline priced on a delivered basis to a retail outlet.
Ten therms or 1,000,000 Btu.
The volume of recoverable, salable gas reserves committed to, controlled by, or possessed by the reporting pipeline company and used for acts and services for which both the seller and the company have received certificate authorization from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). Reserves include both company-owned reserves (including owned gas in underground storage), reserves under contract from independent producers, and short-term and emergency supplies from the intrastate market. Gas volumes under contract from other interstate pipelines are not included as reserves, but may constitute part or all of a company's gas supply.
An expenditure for fuel that is not recognized for bookkeeping practices as a cost in the operating period incurred, but carried forward to be written off in future periods.
Represents the number of future years during which a pipeline company can meet its annual requirements for its presently certificated delivery capacity from presently committed sources of supply. The availability of gas from these sources of supply shall be governed by the physical capabilities of these sources to deliver gas by the terms of existing gas-purchase contracts, and by limitations imposed by State or Federal regulatory agencies.
The physical transfer of natural, synthetic, and/or supplemental gas from facilities operated by the responding company to facilities operated by others or to consumers.
The charge paid to the vessel owner or operator for detention of a vessel at the port(s) beyond the time allowed, usually 72 hours, for loading and unloading.
A sub-surface natural geological reservoir, usually a depleted gas or oil field, used for storing natural gas.
The depth of the deepest production is the length of the well bore measured (in feet) from the surface reference point to the bottom of the open hole or the deepest perforation in the casing of a producing well.
Refers to heavy oils such as crude oil or refined oil products such as fuel oil or bunker oil.
Economically Recoverable Reserves Field: area in which a well or a group of wells is found.
An alcohol fuel mixture containing 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline by volume, and the current alternative fuel of choice of the U.S. government.
Substances discharged into the air during combustion, e.g., all that stuff that comes out of your car.
The difference between the energy produced by a fuel and the energy required to obtain it through agricultural processes, drilling, refining, and transportation.
Agricultural crops grown specifically for their energy value.
A number representing the energy stored in a fuel as compared to the energy required to produce, process, transport, and distribute that fuel.
Methyl and ethyl esters produced from any vegetable (hemp, corn, soybean, sunflower) or tree (almond, walnut, palm, coconut) oils, animal fats (beef tallow), used oils (recycled fryer oils) or other fat sources from organic compounds. Esters are formed by combining an acid with an alcohol and eliminating the water. In the biodiesel reaction, esters are formed as a result of combining fatty acids and methanol or ethanol.
Ethyl alcohol, also known as "grain alcohol." Not commonly used in making biodiesel because of its low reactivity (higher quantity required) than menthanol. Usually made from corn as a by-product of the feed industry, but can be produced from numerous other feedstocks (i.e. hemp or artichoke). There is a lot of interest in commercial biodiesel from ethanol because it can be produced more sustainably. Today ethanol is blended with gasoline as an "extender" and "octane enhancer". E10 is 10% ethanol. Ethanol can replace more harmful gasoline additives such as MTBE.
Exploration and production. The "upstream" sector of the oil and gas industry.
Enhanced Oil Recovery
Share or interest in an oil or gas licence or field.
A hole drilled: a) to find oil or gas in an area previously considered unproductive; b) to find a new reservoir in a known field, i.e., one previously producing oil and gas from another reservoir, or c) to extend the limit of a known oil or gas reservoir.
A fuel containing a mixture of 95 percent ethanol and 5 percent gasoline.
A type of energy exchange in which one company agrees to deliver gas, either directly or through intermediaries, to another company at one location or in one time period in exchange for the delivery by the second company to the first company of an equivalent volume or heat content at a different location or time period. Note: Such agreements may or may not include the payment of fees in dollar or volumetric amounts.
A type of energy exchange in which quantities of crude oil or any petroleum product(s) are received or given up in return for other crude oil or petroleum products. It includes reciprocal sales and purchases.
The aggregate ratio of a group of buildings' total expenditures for a given fuel to the total consumption of that fuel.
The reduction in volume of natural gas due to the removal of natural gas liquid constituents such as ethane, propane, and butane at natural gas processing plants.
Primary stocks of crude oil and petroleum products held in storage as of 12 midnight on the last day of the month. Primary stocks include crude oil or petroleum products held in storage at (or in) leases, refineries, natural gas processing plants, pipelines, tank farms, and bulk terminals that can store at least 50,000 barrels of petroleum products or that can receive petroleum products by tanker, barge, or pipeline. Crude oil that is in-transit by water from Alaska or that is stored on Federal leases or in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve is included. Primary Stocks exclude stocks of foreign origin that are held in bonded warehouse storage.
An olefinic hydrocarbon recovered from refinery processes or petrochemical processes. Ethylene is used as a petrochemical feedstock for numerous chemical applications and the production of consumer goods.
An offshore drilling platform without a fixed base.
F(P)SO: Floating (Production) Storage Offloading Unit. Ship used as substitute for a conventional oil platform at oil fields that are either to deep in the ground or to small to justify the use of a conventional oil platform. If the ship is an FPSO the ship has oil (or gas) processing capabilities.
The sale and purchase of a commodity at a price, quantity and quality agreed in advance for delivery on a specified future date.
The biomass used in the creation of a particular biofuel (e.g., corn or sugarcane for ethanol, soybeans or rapeseed for biodiesel).
Two types of plastic that have been specially modified to withstand certain chemicals, including biodiesel.
A hydrocarbon deposit, such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas, derived from living matter of a previous geologic time and used for fuel. Production and combustion of fossil fuels dump large amounts of CO? into the air that were not meant to be unearthed, resulting in a non-sustainable formation of the "Greenhouse Effect", which is destructive to all life on earth.
Any material substance that can be consumed to supply heat or power. Included are petroleum, coal, and natural gas (the fossil fuels), and other consumable materials, such as uranium, biomass, and hydrogen.
An anhydrous denatured aliphatic alcohol intended for gasoline blending as described in Oxygenates definition.
These costs include the fuel used in the production of steam or driving another prime mover for the generation of electricity. Other associated expenses include unloading the shipped fuel and all handling of the fuel up to the point where it enters the first bunker, hopper, bucket, tank, or holder in the boiler-house structure.
fuel delivery system whereby gasoline is pumped to one or more fuel injectors under high pressure. The fuel injectors are valves that, at the appropriate times, open to allow fuel to be sprayed or atomized into a throttle bore or into the intake manifold ports. The fuel injectors are usually solenoid operated valves under the control of the vehicle's on-board computer (thus the term "electronic fuel injection"). The fuel efficiency of fuel injection systems is less temperature-dependent than carburetor systems. Diesel engines always use injectors.
A refining process for removing asphalt compounds from petroleum fractions, such as reduced crude oil. The recovered stream from this process is used to produce fuel products.
Gas to oil ratio. The volume of gas at atmospheric pressure produced per unit volume of oil produced.
A chemical or heat process used to convert carbonaceous material -- coal, petroleum, biomass -- into its gaseous components, carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
The process of refining natural gas and other hydrocarbons into longer-chain hydrocarbons, which can be used to convert gaseous waste products into fuels.
The point at which a liquid fuel cools to the consistency of petroleum jelly.
The "thick" component of all biodiesel feedstocks. It is separated from the esters during the biodiesel reaction process, combining together with the catalyst to form glycerin soap, the by-product of making biodiesel.
A diesel-powered automobile rigged post-production to run on used vegetable oil.
A volumetric measure equal to 4 quarts (231 cubic inches) used to measure fuel oil. One barrel equals 42 gallons.
A non-solid, non-liquid combustible energy source that includes natural gas, coke-oven gas, blast-furnace gas, and refinery gas.
European and Asian designation for No. 2 heating oil and No. 2 diesel fuel.
Any firm, including a gas plant owner, which operates a gas plant and keeps the gas plant records. A gas plant is a facility in which natural gas liquids are separated from natural gas or in which natural gas liquids are fractionated or otherwise separated into natural gas liquid products or both.
A facility designed to recover natural gas liquids from a stream of natural gas that may or may not have passed through lease separators and/or field separation facilties. Another function of natural gas processing plants is to control the quality of the processed natural gas stream. Cycling plants are considered natural gas processing plants.
A plant in which the prime mover is a gas turbine. A gas turbine consists typically of an axial-flow air compressor and one or more combustion chambers where liquid or gaseous fuel is burned and the hot gases are passed to the turbine and where the hot gases expand drive the generator and are then used to run the compressor.
A well completed for production of natural gas from one or more gas zones or reservoirs. Such wells contain no completions for the production of crude oil.
Derived annually by dividing gross natural gas withdrawals from gas wells by the number of producing gas wells on December 31 and then dividing the quotient by the number of days in the year.
A company primarily engaged in the gathering of natural gas from well or field lines for delivery, for a fee, to a natural gas processing plant or central point. Gathering companies may also provide compression, dehydration, and/or treating services.
Oil stocks owned by the national government and held for national security. In the United States, these stocks are known as the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.
Total input to atmospheric crude oil distillation units. Includes all crude oil, lease condensate, natural gas plant liquids, unfinished oils, liquefied refinery gases, slop oils, and other liquid hydrocarbons produced from tar sands, gilsonite, and oil shale.
The fuel oils remaining after the lighter oils have been distilled off during the refining process. Except for start-up and flame stabilization, virtually all petroleum used in steam plants is heavy oil. Includes fuel oil numbers 4, 5, and 6; crude; and topped crude.
High Temperature/High Pressure.
A chemical compound that contains a carbon backbone with hydrogen atoms attached to that backbone. What we refer to as petroleum is actually liquid, geologically extracted hydrocarbons, and gaseous geologic hydrocarbons are what we know as natural gas.
The average number of British thermal units per cubic foot of natural gas as determined from tests of fuel samples.
Petroleum distillates with an approximate boiling range from 651degrees Fahrenheit to 1000 degrees Fahrenheit.
Spill control for tank content designed to limit the liquid travel in case of release. May also refer to spill control for LNG piping or transfer operations.
An older model of diesel engine in which fuel is injected into a pre-chamber, partly combusted, and then sent to the fuel-injection chamber.
International Association of Drilling Contractors : A trade association that represents the interests of members of the drilling segment of the oil and gas industry. It offers publications regarding recommended industry practices and training materials. Address: 15810 Park Ten Place., #242; Houston, TX 77084; (281) 578-7171.
When applied to an oil company, it indicates a firm that operates in both the upstream and downstream sectors (from exploration through to refining and marketing)
International Energy Agency
The amount of foreign crude oil burned as a fuel oil, usually as residual fuel oil, without being processed as such. Imported crude oil burned as fuel includes lease condensate and liquid hydrocarbons produced from tar sands, gilsonite, and oil shale.
Imported Refiners' Acquisition Cost : The average price for imported oil paid by U.S. refiners.
Extraction of crude oil or natural gas by any method other than those that rely primarily on natural reservoir pressure, gas lift, or a system of pumps.
Natural gas injected into storage reservoirs.
A grade of unleaded gasoline with an octane rating intermediate between "regular" and "premium." Octane boosters are added to gasolines to control engine pre-ignition or "knocking" by slowing combustion rates.
Fuel supplied to ships and aircraft, both domestic and foreign, consisting primarily of residual and distillate fuel oil for ships and kerosene-based jet fuel for aircraft. The term "international bunker fuels" is used to denote the consumption of fuel for international transport activities. Note: For the purposes of greenhouse gas emissions inventories, data on emissions from combustion of international bunker fuels are subtracted from national emissions totals. Historically, bunker fuels have meant only ship fuel.
Gas sold to customers with a provision that permits curtailment or cessation of service at the discretion of the distributing company under certain circumstances, as specified in the service contract.
Any person engaged in natural gas transportation subject to the jurisdiction of Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) under the Natural Gas Act.
Any gas supply contracted from and volumes purchased from other interstate pipelines, overland natural gas import purchases, and LNG, SNG, or coal gas purchases from domestic or foreign sources. Purchases from intrastate pipelines to section 311 (b) of the NGPA of 1978 and from independent producers are not included with interstate pipelines purchase.
A normally gaseous branch-chain hydrocarbon. It is a colorless paraffinic gas that boils at a temperature of 10.9 degrees Fahrenheit. It is extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams.
An olefinic hydrocarbon recovered from refinery processes or petrochemical processes.
Supporting structure for an offshore platform.
Mobile offshore drilling platform with retractable legs, on which the platform rests on the seabed when operational.
Oil companies generally participate in oil and gas projects through their equity share in a joint venture, usually unincorporated. The relationship between the companies is governed by a joint venture agreement
Overcoming the tendency of a well to flow by filling the bore with drilling mud of suitable density.
An exploration licence permits only geological and geophysical surveying and the drilling of shallow wells; a production licence confers exclusive rights on the licensee to search and bore for and get petroleum.
Flows freely at atmospheric temperatures and has an API gravity in the high 30s and 40s.
Small diameter casing extending into the producing layer from just inside the bottom of the final string of casing cemented in a well.
Liquefied Natural Gas. Gas, mainly methane, liquified under pressure and low temperature.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas. Propane and butane, liquified under pressure or refrigeration. Often known as bottled gas.
The "smoothness" of a fuel which affects wear-and-tear on the engine. The higher the lubricity, the easier a fuel can move through an engine, resulting in longer engine life. Lubricity is measured as "kinetic viscosity." Biodiesel is known for its lubricity.
A byproduct of cellulosic ethanol that could be used as fuel to run an ethanol plant. Lignin is a compound that gives stiffness to stems and stalks. The lignin remains after the cellulose is broken down to produce ethanol.
A fuel that contains more than 0.05 gram of lead per gallon or more than 0.005 gram of phosphorus per gallon.
Gasoline having an antiknock index (R+M/2) greater than or equal to 87 and less than or equal to 90 and containing more than 0.05 grams of lead or 0.005 grams of phosphorus per gallon.
Natural gas used in well, field, and lease operations (such as gas used in drilling operations, heaters, dehydrators, and field compressors) and as fuel in natural gas processing plants.
A mixture consisting primarily of pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons which is recovered as a liquid from natural gas in lease separation facilities. This category excludes natural gas plant liquids, such as butane and propane, which are recovered at downstream natural gas processing plants or facilities.
Natural gas used in well, field, and lease operations, such as gas used in drilling operations, heaters, dehydrators, and field compressors.
Any well, lease, or field operations related to the exploration for or production of natural gas prior to delivery for processing or transportation out of the field. Gas used in lease operations includes usage such as for drilling operations, heaters, dehydraters, field compressors, and net used for gas lift.
A facility installed at the surface for the purpose of (a) separating gases from produced crude oil and water at the temperature and pressure conditions set by the separator and/or (b) separating gases from that portion of the produced natural gas stream that liquefies at the temperature and pressure conditions set by the separator.
Natural gas liquid reserves corresponding to the leasehold production defined above.
A group of hydrocarbon-based gases derived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. They include ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, isobutane, and isobutylene. For convenience of transportation, these gases are liquefied through pressurization.
Liquefied refinery gases : Liquefied petroleum gases fractionated from refinery or still gases. Through compression and/or refrigeration, they are retained in the liquid state. The reported categories are ethane/ethylene, propane/propylene, normal butane/butylene, and isobutane/isobutylene. Excludes still gas.
A fuel gas with a heating value between 90 and 200 Btu per cubic foot.
million cubic feet.
million cubic feet per day.
million standard cubic feet per day.
billion cubic feet.
The box or package containing equipment for installation on a production platform. Each self-containing unit is constructed a shore and serves a specific purpose.
Motor Octane Number/Research Octane Number.
Million Tonnes of oil equivalent/Tonnes of oil equivalent.
Methane (CH4) is commonly known as natural gas. It is colorless and burns efficiently without many byproducts. Natural gas has odor added as a safety measure since it is naturally odorless.
Products heavier than motor gasoline/naphtha and lighter than residual fuel oil. This range includes heating oil, diesel, kerosene, and jet kero.
Mole is a short form of molecular weight. Mole fraction or mole percent is the number of moles of a component of a mixture divided by the total number of moles in the mixture.
Tons per Annum. Tons or Metric Ton is approximately 2.47 cubic meter of LNG.
An alcohol fuel mixture containing 85 percent methanol and 15 percent gasoline by volume. Methanol is typically made from natural gas, but can also be derived from the fermentation of biomass.
Methyl alcohol, also known as "wood alcohol," is commonly used in biodiesel for its reactivity. Generally, it is easier to find than ethanol. Sustainable methods of production are currently not economically viable. Usually, methyl alcohol is a by-product of the petroleum industry, and is often used as a "racing fuel."
The property of chemical or physical agents inducing changes in genetic material that are transmitted during cell division. Fundamentally, a measure of cancer risk. The mutagenicity of biodiesel emissions is 75% - 90% less than its petroleum counterpart.
Traditional diesel engines must be modified to heat the oil before it reaches the fuel injectors in order to handle straight vegetable oil. Modified, any diesel engine can run on veggie oil. Without modification, the oil must first be converted to biodiesel.
A system of pipes for transporting gas within a distributing gas utility's retail service area to points of connection with consumer service pipes.
Fuels or energy sources such as: electricity, fuel oil, liquefied petroleum gases, natural gas, district steam, district hot water, and district chilled water.
MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether) production facilities primarily located within petrochemical plants rather than refineries. Production from these units is sold under contract or on the spot market to refiners or other gasoline blenders.
Mixtures containing 85 percent or more (or such other percentage, but not less than 70 percent) by volume of methanol with gasoline. Pure methanol is considered an "other alternative fuel."
One million barrels of oil per day.
One million gallons per day.
Miles per gallon.
A well equipped to produce oil and/or gas separately from more than one reservoir. Such wells contain multiple strings of tubing or other equipment that permit production from the various completions to be measured and accounted for separately. For statistical purposes, a multiple completion well is reported as one well and classified as either an oil well or a gas well. If one of the several completions in a given well is an oil completion, the well is classified as an oil well. If all of the completions in a given well are gas completions, the well is classified as a gas well.
Natural Gas Liquids.
Pumping unit.
At NRU facilities, the entire gas stream is liquefied to remove impurities then regasified and sent on as pipeline-quality gas.
Products of combustion that contribute to the formation of smog and ozone.
Herb-touting, veggie-oil-loving outlaw country legend who in 2005 founded BioWillie to market biodiesel to truck stops around the country.
A field facility designed to process natural gas produced from more than one lease for the purpose of recovering condensate from a stream of natural gas; however, some field facilities are designed to recover propane, normal butane, pentanes plus, etc., and to control the quality of natural gas to be marketed.
Those hydrocarbons in natural gas that are separated from the gas as liquids through the process of absorption, condensation, adsorption, or other methods in gas processing or cycling plants. Generally such liquids consist of propane and heavier hydrocarbons and are commonly referred to as lease condensate, natural gasoline, and liquefied petroleum gases. Natural gas liquids include natural gas plant liquids (primarily ethane, propane, butane, and isobutane; see Natural Gas Plant Liquids) and lease condensate (primarily pentanes produced from natural gas at lease separators and field facilities.
The volume of natural gas liquids removed from natural gas in lease separators, field facilities, gas processing plants, or cycling plants during the report year.
Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978: Signed into law on November 9, 1978, the NGPA is a framework for the regulation of most facets of the natural gas industry.
A term used in the gas processing industry to refer to a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons (mostly pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons) extracted from natural gas. It includes isopentane.
The volumes of proved reserves of crude oil, natural gas, and/or natural gas liquids discovered in new fields during the report year.
Offshore Installation Manager.
Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries founded in 1960. Current members - Algeria, Indonesia, Angola, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela.
A heavy oil and water mixture, originating in the Orinoco Basin, Venezuela, marketed as an industrial fuel.
Gas that is to be delivered and taken on demand when demand is not at its peak.
mixture of hydrocarbons usually existing in the liquid state in natural underground pools or reservoirs. Gas is often found in association with oil.
Includes sales to drilling companies, pipelines or other related oil companies not engaged in the selling of petroleum products. Includes fuel oil that was purchased or produced and used by company facilities for the operation of drilling equipment, other field or refinery operations, and space heating at petroleum refineries, pipeline companies, and oil-drilling companies. Oil used to bunker vessels is counted under vessel bunkering. Sales to other oil companies for field use are included, but sales for use as refinery charging stocks are excluded.
An underground pool of liquid consisting of hydrocarbons, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen trapped within a geological formation and protected from evaporation by the overlying mineral strata.
A sedimentary rock containing kerogen, a solid organic material.
Oil stocks include crude oil (including strategic reserves), unfinished oils, natural gas plant liquids, and refined petroleum products.
A well completed for the production of crude oil from at least one oil zone or reservoir.
Associated and dissolved gas produced along with crude oil from oil completions.
A field discovered prior to the report year.
The person responsible for the management and day-to-day operation of one or more crude oil and/or natural gas wells as of December 31 of the report year. The operator is generally a working-interest owner or a company under contract to the working-interest owner(s). Wells included are those that have proved reserves of crude oil, natural gas, and/or lease condensate in the reservoirs associated with them, whether or not they are producing. Wells abandoned during the report year are also to be considered "operated" as of December 31.
Refiners with a total refinery capacity in the United States and its possessions of less than 275,000 barrels per day as of January 1,1982.
Other oils equal to or greater than 401 degrees Fahrenheit: Oils with a boiling range equal to or greater than 401 degrees Fahrenheit that are intended for use as a petrochemical feedstock.
Device forced through pipelines by hydraulic pressure to scrape off rust and scale or to mark and interface between two different products.
The level of peak production reached by an oil field.
A fixed structure resting on the seabed or piled into it from which development wells are drilled, using directional drilling, to exploit an oil or gas field. To date, these platforms are of two kinds, although several novel designs are in existence. Gravity structures, either concrete or hybrid with concrete base and steel legs and superstructure, which rest on the seabed by virtue of their own weight, or steel, which are piled into the seabed.
The temperature at which a crude oil solidifies.
A facility for both storing and vaporizing LNG intended to operate on an intermittent basis to meet relatively short term peak gas demands. A peakshaving plant may also have liquefaction capacity, which is usually quite small compared to vaporization capacity at such facility.
Tiny particles of a solid or liquid suspended in a gas, or the fine particles of carbonaceous soot and other organic molecules discharged into the air during combustion.
Ballast carried in ship's tanks that were designed to carry nothing else.
A broadly defined class of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures. Included are crude oil, lease condensate, unfinished oils, refined products obtained from the processing of crude oil, and natural gas plant liquids. Note: Volumes of finished petroleum products include nonhydrocarbon compounds, such as additives and detergents, after they have been blended into the products.
Approximately represents consumption of petroleum products because it measures the disappearance of these products from primary sources, i.e., refineries, natural gas-processing plants, blending plants, pipelines, and bulk terminals. In general, product supplied of each product in any given period is computed as follows: field production, plus refinery production, plus imports, plus unaccounted-for crude oil (plus net receipts when calculated on a PAD District basis) minus stock change, minus crude oil losses, minus refinery inputs, and minus exports.
Petroleum products are obtained from the processing of crude oil (including lease condensate), natural gas, and other hydrocarbon compounds. Petroleum products include unfinished oils, liquefied petroleum gases, pentanes plus, aviation gasoline, motor gasoline, naphtha-type jet fuel, kerosene-type jet fuel, kerosene, distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, petrochemical feedstocks, special naphthas, lubricants, waxes, petroleum coke, asphalt, road oil, still gas, and miscellaneous products.
An installation that manufactures finished petroleum products from crude oil, unfinished oils, natural gas liquids, other hydrocarbons, and alcohol.
For individual products, quantities that are held at refineries, in pipelines and at bulk terminals that have a capacity of 50,000 barrels or more, or that are in transit thereto. Stocks held by product retailers and resellers, as well as tertiary stocks held at the point of consumption, are excluded. Stocks of individual products held at gas processing plants are excluded from individual product stimates but are included in other oils estimates and total.
A pipeline that conveys gas from a transmission pipeline to its ultimate consumer.
A pipeline that conveys gas from a region where it is produced to a region where it is to be distributed.
Gas consumed in the operation of pipelines, primarily in compressors.
A pipeline that conveys gas from a production well/field to a gas processing plant or transmission pipeline for eventual delivery to end-use consumers.
A continuous pipe conduit, complete with such equipment as valves, compressor stations, communications systems, and meters for transporting natural and/or supplemental gas from one point to another, usually from a point in or beyond the producing field or processing plant to another pipeline or to points of utilization. Also refers to a company operating such facilities.
Crude oil and product pipelines used to transport crude oil and petroleum products, respectively (including interstate, intrastate, and intracompany pipelines), within the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Gas supply contracted from and volumes purchased from other natural gas companies as defined by the Natural Gas Act, as amended (52 Stat. 821), excluding independent producers, as defined in Paragraph 154.91(a), Chapter I, Title 18 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
Conveyance of large shipments of petroleum raw materials and refined products usually by pipeline, barge, or ocean-going vessel. All crude oil transportation is primary, including the small amounts moved by truck. All refined product transportation by pipeline, barge, or ocean-going vessel is primary transportation.
All energy consumed in the acquisition, processing, and transportation of energy. Quantifiable process fuel includes three categories: natural gas lease and plant operations, natural gas pipeline operations, and oil refinery operations.
The volumes of crude oil that are extracted from oil reservoirs. These volumes are determined through measurement of the volumes delivered from lease storage tanks or at the point of custody transfer, with adjustment for (1) net differences between opening and closing lease inventories and (2) basic sediment and water. Crude oil used on the lease is considered production.
The lifting of oil and gas to the surface and gathering, treating, field processing (as in the case of processing gas to extract liquid hydrocarbons), and field storage. The production function shall normally be regarded as terminating at the outlet valve on the lease or field production storage tank. If unusual physical or operational circumstances exist, it may be more appropriate to regard the production function as terminating at the first point at which oil, gas, or gas liquids are delivered to a main pipeline, a common carrier, a refinery, or a marine terminal.
The product value less the feedstock and refining costs and value of any loss in the refining process.
A subsurface, porous, permeable rock formation in which oil and gas are found.
Research Octane Number / Motor Octane Number.
Payment of a percentage of gross income from the production of minerals, including hydrocarbons, by the company licensed to produce, to the State.
The floorman in a drilling crew who sets the slips to hold the drill pipe, handles the tongs or elevators and other equipment around the rig floor.
The complete process of pulling out and running in the drill-string.
Reid Vapour Pressure (VP in PSI at 100F).
The process by which LNG is heated, converting it into its gaseous state.
Designated commodity or resource, such as solar energy, biodiesel fuel, or firewood, that is inexhaustible or replaceable by new growth.
The total amount of petroleum products produced at a refinery. Includes petroleum consumed by the refinery.
Single buoy mooring; single point mooring; exposed location single buoy mooring: used for loading oil in to tankers in the open sea, the principle being that the vessel can moor to load oil whatever the direction of wind or current and swing at the mooring to present least resistance to the prevailing conditions.
Mobile offshore drilling platform with floats or pontoons submerged to give stability while operating, kept in position by anchors or dynamic positioning.
Swedish Standards Organisation.
Arrangement of piping designed to catch a slug of liquid in the gas pipeline to separate it from the gas.
International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea.
A single buoy mooring which includes oil storage capacity so that production can continue even if the weather is too severe for tanker loading.
A price for oil or oil products for immediate delivery. See also futures.
To commence drilling operations.
Crude oil containing very little sulphur and having a good odour as opposed to Sour Crude Oil which has a high sulphur content and an unpleasant odour.
Iranian Light, Iranian Heavy, Saudi Light.
Beryl, Brega, Ekofisk, Forties.
Single Well Oil Production System.
Processing to remove sulfur. Hydrodesulfurization, for instance, can produce sweet catfeed. Caustic washing can sweeten sour natural gasolines to make them suitable for motor gasoline blending.
Fluoropolymers that can withstand high heat, especially useful in replacing older rubber fuel lines.
Any vegetable oil that has not been optimized through the process of transesterification. Using this type of veggie oil in your diesel automobile requires an engine modification that heats the oil before it reaches the fuel injectors -- otherwise, the veggie oil gets all gummed up in cold weather.
Any form or mixture of gases produced in refineries by distillation, cracking, reforming, and other processes. The principal constituents are methane, ethane, ethylene, normal butane, butylene, propane, propylene, etc. Still gas is used as a refinery fuel and a petrochemical feedstock. The conversion factor is 6 million BTU's per fuel oil equivalent barrel.
Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (USA).
Tonnes of oil equivalent/Million tonnes of oil equivalent.
Drilling supervisor or foreman in charge of the rig.
The top part of a platform positioned on the jacket.
A composite energy system, which generally includes the utilization of waste heat. Refers in essence to the co-generation systems seen today.
The chemical process in which an alcohol reacts with the triglycerides in vegetable oil or animal fats, separating the glycerin and producing biodiesel.
Vessels that transport crude oil or petroleum products. Note: Data are reported for movements between PAD Districts; from a PAD District to the Panama Canal; or from the Panama Canal to a PAD District.
A method of ocean transportation whereby ships off-load their oil cargo to a deepwater terminal, floating storage facility, temporary storage, or to one or more smaller tankers from which or in which the oil is then transported to a market destination.
A main pipeline.
test
United Kingdom Continental Shelf.
Ultra Large Crude Carrier - tanker of over 300000 tonnes.
Upstream covers the exploration, production and transport prior to refining.
Represents the arithmetic difference between the calculated supply and the calculated disposition of crude oil. The calculated supply is the sum of crude oil production plus imports minus changes in crude oil stocks. The calculated disposition of crude oil is the sum of crude oil input to refineries, crude oil exports, crude oil burned as fuel, and crude oil losses.
Collecting and condensing petroleum product vapours being loaded and unloaded at terminals, refineries and petrol stations. The vapours are then condensed to a liquid thereby significantly reducing air pollution.
Very Large Crude Carrier. Oil tanker of over 200000 tonnes or which can carry over 1.5 mn barrels of crude.
The ability of a liquid to flow. The higher the viscosity, the slower the liquid flows.
Stands for Volatile Organic Compounds. Carbon containing compounds that evaporate into the air. VOCs are a major component of air pollution, and are beginning to receive public attention as more and more products labeled "Low VOCs" hit the market.
A ship used to transport crude oil, petroleum products, or natural gas products. Vessel categories are as follows: Ultra Large Crude Carrier (ULCC), Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC), Other Tanker, and Specialty Ship (LPG/LNG).
Includes sales for the fueling of commercial or private boats, such as pleasure craft, fishing boats, tugboats, and ocean-going vessels, including vessels operated by oil companies. Excluded are volumes sold to the U.S. Armed Forces.
The part of the year when the weather is suitable for operations which cannot be carried out in adverse sea and wind states, e.g. pipeline or platform installation.
Speculative exploration well drilled in search of a new oil or gas accumulation.
Wire or cable used for downhole operations. Usually either steel wire used to lower instruments into a well or electric for recording instruments.
Re-entry into a completed well for modification or repair work.
Waiting on weather.
Grease from the nearest fryer which is filtered ('cuz chunks of potatoes and fish don't so much lube the chambers) and used in modified diesel engines, or converted to biodiesel through the process of transesterification and used in any ol' diesel car.
A hole drilled in the earth for the purpose of (1) finding or producing crude oil or natural gas; or (2) producing services related to the production of crude or natural gas.

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